الرئيسية » خاص «برس - نت» »

春节其实很政治

Tsai Hsiao-ying

从中国到主要是汉字文化圈的国家如越南、韩国、台湾、越南、泰国、新加坡、马来西亚、印尼等,许多国家都有过春节的习俗

在中国,现在所谓农历年的春节,在历史上称为元旦,春节则是民国政府创造出的名词,这个政治创意是人民力争要过传统农曆新年的结果;而在南韩和台湾,同样经历了日本佔据时代殖民政府废止旧曆新年以阳曆新年来取代的過程,南韩还要面对独立后的执政者为要与世界同步而打压传统文化的行动。越南则在1968年的春节发动「春节攻势」扭转了越战

中国

推翻满清建立民国,孙中山在南京就任临时大总统後,通令「中华民国改用阳历」,將传统阴历新年的元旦之稱,变为阳历新年的代名词,人们也把过阳历新年的人视为维新派,把过阴历新年的人视为守旧派

1914年1月,民国政府的内务部在致袁世凯的呈文中提出:「拟请定阴历元旦为春节,端午为夏节,中秋为秋节,冬至为冬节」袁世凯考虑到其他少数民族的习惯问题,只批准元旦为春节。传统农历新年岁首被官方正式易名为春节,传统的元旦新年名称则改至阳历的1月1日

意识到新历新年是政治的新年,旧历新年乃社会的新年,「此社会之新年气象乃较新历不只繁盛十倍」,面对两个新年并存的现实,南京临时政府和北洋政府都采取了折衷的态度,并没有用行政力量强制改变社会习惯

1927年南京国民政府建立后,实行废除春节政策。但一般百姓并不理会阳历元旦,一直到1930年,政府重申:放假及各种礼仪娱乐,如贺年、团拜、祀祖、贴春联等活动一律移置国历新年前后举行

为强化这一规定,春节期间政府派了警察强迫关门的商店开门营业,并捣毁元宝茶及供祀的果品,有的还处以罚金。依靠政治和政府的力量来废除春节,成效不大

1934年初,国民政府决定停止强制废历政策,民间因此名正言顺过起农历春节

韩国

农曆一月一日是韩国春节又称旧正,被谕为「民族大移动日」,据说从新罗时代就有过春节的传统,却在日本殖民朝鲜半岛时期,遭到严格禁止

不过,日本殖民统治结束后,威权统治时期统治者如总统李承晚,认为要赶上世界各国,有必要以各国通用的阳曆新年来取代传统春节

朴正熙执政,曾用公权力停止春节加班车,阻挡劳工返乡过节,甚至曾下令减少春节前后年糕的贩卖量。因此各种争取要过传统春节的主張,都被视为反对威权独裁的行动表现之一

為强化民族自尊心并以此巩固政权,全斗焕政府在1985年开始决定将春节指定为「民俗之日」

台湾

西元1895年甲午战争后,台湾割让给日本,日本殖民政府是採取循序渐进的方式废止臺湾的旧曆也就是农曆新年,一方面报章媒体倡导日本的新年习俗,一方面批评旧曆年有害于现代化之推展

1919年正式改行新曆新年,臺湾的汉人在表面上虽然依照日本人的新曆新年过春节、参拜神社,但是家家户户仍依循传统,吃年糕、拜神明、吃年夜饭,並过旧曆春节与元宵

大正年间日本总督府告知要废止「旧曆年」之民间庆典。随着皇民化运动的来临,日本统治者严禁台湾人过旧曆新年,而要求像日本人一样过阳曆新年,并禁止台湾过年时张贴春联、燃放鞭炮、烧金纸银纸等习俗,而要改用日本过新年的方式:例如在门口挂着「草绳」以求吉利。可是,台湾传统红色代表吉利和喜气,包红包和贴春联为讨吉利,日本人新年用的白纸、草绳或白色的圆饼,在台湾却是丧家使用,这些文化上的差异冲突使台湾人民无法接受改制

在光復之后,台湾民众承袭国民政府「官方之新年」与「民众之过年」二元并存特殊现象。一年开始过元旦新年,接着又过春节,成为台湾社会的特殊惯例

越南

「春节攻势」(越南语:Sự kiện Tết Mậu Thân)是1968年1月30日越南民主共和国(北越)人民军和越南南方民族解放阵线游击队(越共)联手,针对越南共和国(南越)、美国及其联军发动的大规模突然袭击,要摧毁南越境内各军民指挥体系。攻势因第一次进攻发生时间为春节而得名

1968年1月30日农曆除夕夜,潜伏半年的八万越南民主共和国(北越)人民军和越南南方民族解放阵线游击队(越共)联手,在南越百馀城镇同时发动针对越南共和国(南越)、美国及其联军发动的大规模突击。北越和越共联手策划半年的春节攻势就此展开

这是自1955年越战开打以来的第十三个春节,但北越罔顾休兵三日的协议,使得「春节攻势」成为越战中规模最大的兄弟相残地面行动,河内宣布「春节攻势」取得胜利,代价是58,000战斗人员阵亡,4万人受伤。美军阵亡者达2500人

美军缴获的文件显示,河内领导人最初对参战部队承诺战争在2月结束,但激烈战斗持续了21周。虽然「春节攻势」在战场上是北越落败,但在公关上却成功发挥政治影响力,推动美国的反战运动,对美国政府造成了心理打击

包括乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)在内的大多数学者,都认为这场「春节攻势」是越战的转折点,华府权力阶层开始担心这场战争是个过份昂贵的事业,且预示美国国内抗议浪潮和规模会不斷升高

اقرأ للكاتب نفس:

اُكتب تعليقك (Your comment):

صحافة اسرائيل

إعلان

خاص «برس - نت»

صفحة رأي

مدونات الكتاب

آخر التعليقات

    أخبار بووم على الفيسبوك

    تابعنا على تويتر

    Translate »
    We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners.
    Cookies settings
    Accept
    Privacy & Cookie policy
    Privacy & Cookies policy
    Cookie name Active

    Privacy Policy

    What information do we collect?

    We collect information from you when you register on our site or place an order. When ordering or registering on our site, as appropriate, you may be asked to enter your: name, e-mail address or mailing address.

    What do we use your information for?

    Any of the information we collect from you may be used in one of the following ways: To personalize your experience (your information helps us to better respond to your individual needs) To improve our website (we continually strive to improve our website offerings based on the information and feedback we receive from you) To improve customer service (your information helps us to more effectively respond to your customer service requests and support needs) To process transactions Your information, whether public or private, will not be sold, exchanged, transferred, or given to any other company for any reason whatsoever, without your consent, other than for the express purpose of delivering the purchased product or service requested. To administer a contest, promotion, survey or other site feature To send periodic emails The email address you provide for order processing, will only be used to send you information and updates pertaining to your order.

    How do we protect your information?

    We implement a variety of security measures to maintain the safety of your personal information when you place an order or enter, submit, or access your personal information. We offer the use of a secure server. All supplied sensitive/credit information is transmitted via Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology and then encrypted into our Payment gateway providers database only to be accessible by those authorized with special access rights to such systems, and are required to?keep the information confidential. After a transaction, your private information (credit cards, social security numbers, financials, etc.) will not be kept on file for more than 60 days.

    Do we use cookies?

    Yes (Cookies are small files that a site or its service provider transfers to your computers hard drive through your Web browser (if you allow) that enables the sites or service providers systems to recognize your browser and capture and remember certain information We use cookies to help us remember and process the items in your shopping cart, understand and save your preferences for future visits, keep track of advertisements and compile aggregate data about site traffic and site interaction so that we can offer better site experiences and tools in the future. We may contract with third-party service providers to assist us in better understanding our site visitors. These service providers are not permitted to use the information collected on our behalf except to help us conduct and improve our business. If you prefer, you can choose to have your computer warn you each time a cookie is being sent, or you can choose to turn off all cookies via your browser settings. Like most websites, if you turn your cookies off, some of our services may not function properly. However, you can still place orders by contacting customer service. Google Analytics We use Google Analytics on our sites for anonymous reporting of site usage and for advertising on the site. If you would like to opt-out of Google Analytics monitoring your behaviour on our sites please use this link (https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout/)

    Do we disclose any information to outside parties?

    We do not sell, trade, or otherwise transfer to outside parties your personally identifiable information. This does not include trusted third parties who assist us in operating our website, conducting our business, or servicing you, so long as those parties agree to keep this information confidential. We may also release your information when we believe release is appropriate to comply with the law, enforce our site policies, or protect ours or others rights, property, or safety. However, non-personally identifiable visitor information may be provided to other parties for marketing, advertising, or other uses.

    Registration

    The minimum information we need to register you is your name, email address and a password. We will ask you more questions for different services, including sales promotions. Unless we say otherwise, you have to answer all the registration questions. We may also ask some other, voluntary questions during registration for certain services (for example, professional networks) so we can gain a clearer understanding of who you are. This also allows us to personalise services for you. To assist us in our marketing, in addition to the data that you provide to us if you register, we may also obtain data from trusted third parties to help us understand what you might be interested in. This ‘profiling’ information is produced from a variety of sources, including publicly available data (such as the electoral roll) or from sources such as surveys and polls where you have given your permission for your data to be shared. You can choose not to have such data shared with the Guardian from these sources by logging into your account and changing the settings in the privacy section. After you have registered, and with your permission, we may send you emails we think may interest you. Newsletters may be personalised based on what you have been reading on theguardian.com. At any time you can decide not to receive these emails and will be able to ‘unsubscribe’. Logging in using social networking credentials If you log-in to our sites using a Facebook log-in, you are granting permission to Facebook to share your user details with us. This will include your name, email address, date of birth and location which will then be used to form a Guardian identity. You can also use your picture from Facebook as part of your profile. This will also allow us and Facebook to share your, networks, user ID and any other information you choose to share according to your Facebook account settings. If you remove the Guardian app from your Facebook settings, we will no longer have access to this information. If you log-in to our sites using a Google log-in, you grant permission to Google to share your user details with us. This will include your name, email address, date of birth, sex and location which we will then use to form a Guardian identity. You may use your picture from Google as part of your profile. This also allows us to share your networks, user ID and any other information you choose to share according to your Google account settings. If you remove the Guardian from your Google settings, we will no longer have access to this information. If you log-in to our sites using a twitter log-in, we receive your avatar (the small picture that appears next to your tweets) and twitter username.

    Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act Compliance

    We are in compliance with the requirements of COPPA (Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act), we do not collect any information from anyone under 13 years of age. Our website, products and services are all directed to people who are at least 13 years old or older.

    Updating your personal information

    We offer a ‘My details’ page (also known as Dashboard), where you can update your personal information at any time, and change your marketing preferences. You can get to this page from most pages on the site – simply click on the ‘My details’ link at the top of the screen when you are signed in.

    Online Privacy Policy Only

    This online privacy policy applies only to information collected through our website and not to information collected offline.

    Your Consent

    By using our site, you consent to our privacy policy.

    Changes to our Privacy Policy

    If we decide to change our privacy policy, we will post those changes on this page.
    Save settings
    Cookies settings