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كاسترو تحدى ١١ رئيساً أميركياً

من دوايت ايزنهاور الذي قطع العلاقات الدبلوماسية مع كوبا وصولا الى باراك اوباما الذي قرر تطبيعها، واجه الزعيم الثوري الكوبي فيدل كاسترو الذي توفي في وقت متأخر الجمعة 11 رئيسا اميركيا.

– دوايت ايزنهاور (جمهوري 1953-1961): كان يزود بالاسلحة الديكتاتور فولغينسيو باتيستا الذي كان يحارب الثوار بقيادة كاسترو. حضر لاجتياح خليج الخنازير وقطع العلاقات الدبلوماسية مع كوبا في كانون الثاني/يناير 1961.

– جون اف كينيدي (ديموقراطي 1961-1963): اعطى الضوء الاخضر لاجتياح خليج الخنازير في نيسان/ابريل 1961. وفرض العقوبات الاميركية على كوبا في شباط/فبراير 1962 قبل اندلاع ازمة الصواريخ في تشرين الاول/اكتوبر من تلك السنة. كان يعمل على تشجيع حصول تقارب حين اغتيل في تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 1963.

– ليندون جونسون (ديموقراطي 1963-1969): قام بتعزيز الحظر وحاول منع بيع النيكل الكوبي الى دول كتلة الاتحاد السوفياتي السابق. وافق على مخططات وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية الاميركية (سي آي ايه) لاغتيال كاسترو وساند المجموعات المعارضة لكاسترو.

– ريتشارد نيكسون (جمهوري 1969- 1974): قام بتعزيز الانشطة المناهضة لكاسترو بما يشمل توقيف صيادي اسماك كوبيين. عمل ايضا ضد مبيعات النيكل الكوبي الى دول الكتلة السوفياتية السابقة.

– جيرالد فورد (جمهوري 1974-1977): كان في الرئاسة حين تكثفت الهجمات ضد البعثات الكوبية في الخارج واوقع هجوم على طائرة كوبية 73 قتيلا. سمح باول زيارة لرجال اعمال اميركيين الى كوبا وخفف الحظر.

– جيمي كارتر (ديموقراطي 1977-1981): قام بتخفيف الحظر بشكل اضافي. فتح بعثة رعاية مصالح اميركية في هافانا وسمح بفتح بعثة كوبية مماثلة في واشنطن. سمح للمنفيين الكوبيين بالعودة الى بلادهم. وقع معاهدة ترسيم الحدود البحرية. في عهده تمت عملية مارييل لنقل مهاجرين كوبيين بالقوارب الى الولايات المتحدة. زار كوبا كرئيس سابق في العام 2002 ومجددا في 2011.

– رونالد ريغان (جمهوري 1981-1989): العلاقات تتدهور الى الاسوأ وتراجع في تخفيف الحظر. إنشاء “المؤسسة الوطنية الاميركية الكوبية”، ابرز منظمة في المنفى واذاعتين مناهضتين لكاسترو. توقيع اول اتفاق حول الهجرة في 1984.

– جورج بوش (جمهوري 1989-1993): تعزيز الحظر بموجب قانون “توريتشيلي” مع انهيار الاتحاد السوفياتي. منع الشركات المتعاونة مع مجموعات اميركية في دول اخرى من التعامل مع كوبا.

– بيل كلينتون (ديموقراطي 1993-2001): تفعيل قانون توريتشيلي والموافقة على قانون “هلمس-بورتون” الذي شدد الحظر مجددا. في 1994 فر حوالى 36 الف كوبي الى الولايات المتحدة في قوارب صغيرة. توقيع اتفاق جديد حول الهجرة وتقديم كلينتون دعما لناشطين مناهضين لكاسترو.

– جورج دبليو بوش (جمهوري 2001-2009): زيادة المساعدات المالية لمجموعات مناهضة لكاسترو وتعزيز الحظر مجددا. الحد من سفر المنفيين الى كوبا ومن المبالغ التي يمكنهم ارسالها الى البلاد. وافق على تجارة مواد غذائية لكن بقيود. تولى راوول كاسترو السلطة رسميا خلال عهده.

– باراك اوباما (ديموقراطي 2009 حتى الان): رفع القيود على سفر المنفيين الكوبيين والاموال التي يمكنهم ارسالها الى بلادهم. فتح “حوارا” حول الهجرة وقال ان رفع الحظر يجب ان يسبقه تقدم في مجال الديموقراطية واحترام حقوق الانسان.

في كانون الاول/ديسمبر 2014 اعلن اوباما وراوول كاسترو بشكل متزامن ان البلدين سيطبعان علاقاتهما. واعاد البلدان فتح سفارات في العاصمتين في تموز/يوليو 2015 .

قام اوباما بزيارة تاريخية الى كوبا في آذار/مارس 2016، هي الاولى لرئيس اميركي اثناء مهامه منذ العام 1928.

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