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大陸惠台31條措施利台 ?害台?

Hsiao-ying Tsa

二二八纪念日当天,当台湾还在为转型正义和统独省籍争执不休之际,中国国台办却发佈了名为「若干措施」的政策文件,这是春节后,中共全国人大、政协两会开幕前,对台政策的开春第一砲,也是自ECFA(海峡两岸经济合作架构协议)之后,中国对台动作最大的一波「让利」举措

国台办在例行记者会上公布「关于促进两岸经济文化交流合作的若干措施」,共计31项

在加快给予台商与大陆企业同等待遇方面,主要包括明确台商参与「中国製造二○二五」行动计画,享受税收优惠政策;支持符合条件的台商享受高新技术企业减按15%税率徵收企业所得税,研发费用加计扣除;台商也可以特许经营方式,参与能源、交通、水利、环保、市政公用工程等基础设施建设

此外,开放台商公平参与政府採购;台商可透过合资合作、併购重组等方式参与国有企业溷合所有制改革

在为台胞提供与大陆同胞同等待遇方面,主要包括向台胞开放134项国家职业资格考试、台胞可申请参与「千人计画」、「万人计画」及包括国家社会科学基金等多项基金,参与中华优秀传统文化传承发展工程和评奖项目、荣誉称号评选,加入专业性社团组织、行业协会,参与大陆扶贫、公益等基层工作

新措施明订,台湾人士参与大陆广播电视节目和电影、电视剧製作可不受数量限制。大陆电影发行机构、广播电视台、视听网站和有线电视网引进台湾生产的电影、电视剧不做数量限制。此外,也放宽两岸合拍电影、电视剧在主创人员比例、大陆元素、投资比例等限制

国台办发言人安峰山表示,31项措施有3个特点。一是围绕国家重大行动计画和国家重点研发计画项目;二是量身订製,提出针对性强的解决办法;三是涵盖财税、用地、金融、就业、教育、文化、医疗、影视等多领域,开放力度之大、范围之广、涉及部门之多,都前所未有

中央颁行的31项措施,明显就是针对台商、文化圈、学生的全面性政策。宣布31项惠台措施后,台商微信群组间疯传,台湾文化影视圈业者,也转贴这项「条件不错」的消息,且不讳言「真统战来了!」。台湾移民政策改革团体创办人朱平高兴表示,终于走出这一步非常重要的法律,解决很多过去一直延揽下来的,不友善的一些方式

台湾官方的蔡政府则认为,这些措施不外统战、政治目的,甚至有一种议论,「惠台31项」能不能贯彻有效实施,真正受惠,都待观察。行政院长赖清德在立法院答询时还表示,希望中国大陆能了解,大陆能发展到今天的地步,「没有台湾人的帮忙可以吗?」不过,行政院将于12日召集相关部会讨论因应措施,可能由行政院长赖清德亲自主持会议

陆委会表示,陆方长期以来反复推出多种类似措施,都是为了提升其单方获益的经济发展目标、吸纳台湾的资源,以利益换取台湾方面的政治认同

陆委会也说,中国大陆对台湾的政策主张没有改变,近期不断对台湾紧缩施压,并同步释出所谓「惠台措施」拉拢台湾民众。长期以来,大陆反复推出多种类似措施,这是大陆整体对台政策的一环

陆委会也呼吁大陆,任何举措都应确实保障台湾人民权益,并以互惠互利为目标,排除政治操作,才有助于双边关系的良性互动发展。陆委会还提醒台湾民众,两岸在制度、法规、市场环境及理念价值等都有差异,企业及民众在参与前,应该谨慎评估可能存在的成本风险与效应,以维护自身权益及安全

淡江大学战略研究所副教授黄介正表示,中国一波波的惠台措施,就是「吸台、穷台、笨台」,目的就是把台湾菁英分子都弄走。他说,这一次的攻势咄咄逼人,「只民不官」,这份给新国安团队的礼物太沉重,将使蔡政府极伤脑筋,「面对这样的状况,不能只有陆委会以一份新闻稿来应对」

黄介正指出,这次陆方推出的惠台措施涵盖面很广,其中对台企的税收优惠可说是最大诱因,至于在影视产业、图书及就业等方面,放到实际状况上来看,其实还是有一定的门槛

文化部长郑丽君也表示,惠台政策有关文化产业的部分,其实只有项目,没有具体的作法,所以是不是能降低障碍都有待观察,有些项目跟现行措施没有很大的差异,所以还不明朗,还需要进一步观察

郑丽君也指出,问题还是在审批制度,其实中国去年也公布了相关电影产业法、电视剧繁荣措施都加深审批力道,从题材内容到个人表意自由,所以最重要的还是呼吁中国降低审批制度的力道,才有利于文化产业的合作跟交流

中华民国工商协进会理事长林伯丰则表示,大陆的惠台措施实际上已启动,对台湾企业聚焦在招商和与国营企业的合作,可说是大陆「国家队力量」和台湾企业「国际实力」的双向结合,对两方企业都有利,有望创造双赢。反观台湾的经营环境日益恶化,例如近期劳动检查把资方当敌人,加上政府推动新南向不切实际,在大陆官方进一步端出「牛肉」后,他认为,势必会加速台湾企业、特别是大型企业的西进脚步

大陆全国台企联会长王屏生表示,国台办宣布的优惠措施,让人感觉到「大陆市场就是台商的市场」;他打算「加码一倍以上」在大陆各地投资,借力「政策顺风车」,深耕大陆内销市场

台湾媒体分析,这些惠台措施的内容,和以往「一国两制」的不同在于,就是要把台湾民众融入大陆社会,将台湾放到习近平倡导的「新时代」中国国家发展策略一个重要环节;主要强化单边立法与单边作为,扩大「反独」与「促统」。也表示大陆不再依靠蓝绿,也不再指望国民党,要以自己的经济及社会实力,加速「一中」与「一国」下的促统,是对台政策的重中之重

联合报认为,中共十九大后大陆对台政策进入「新时代」,重点有六:第一、把对台政策放在习近平高举的「新时代中国特色社会主义思想」十四项基本方略的战略目标;第二、坚持和平统一与一国两制的路线方针;第三、对民进党扩大反独宣示;第四、扩大对「一中」的坚持与对国民党的侧面施压;第五、扩大对于台湾民众让利与民心争取,以实现习的「一国两制」;第六、不对蔡政府定调,也未关闭与民进党对话大门

新新闻杂誌强调,中国当局有计画地挖角台湾年轻一代,将重创台湾未来发展的动力,这的确已构成了国安危机

台湾自由时报3月3日报道称,这31项惠台措施被视为吸引台湾资金与人才的糖衣炮弹”。中国这套统战伎俩,与其说是惠台,不如说是一切为了「利中」,在过程中或会找些样板,但不会对台湾民众一体适用,北京对付香港也是用此模式,「表面开大门,但处处关上小门」,藉机进行统战及分化

自由时报强调中国惠台措施,多是吹捧出来的,所以台湾民众别被中国广大的市场与就业机会所矇骗。还举美国《时代》杂誌八月就曾报导「台湾正遭遇人才大量流失,中国是主要受惠者」,指中国在蔡政府上台后,一改对台统战策略,推出多项政策拉拢台湾学生和创业家,目的在改变年轻人强烈的台湾国家认同,进而推动统一议程

不过,台湾东森新闻云在3月5日到3月7日通过网络访问调查,进行《即时民调/大陆惠台措施接受度调查》,共计完成1,530份有效样本,并于3月8日发表最新民调结果显示,64.3%的网友知道大陆公布的31项惠台措施,35.7%的网友表示不知道

有人认为31项惠台措施目的是为了拉拢台湾人心,对于此策略的运用,知道惠台措施的网友中,68.5%网友认为可以成功拉拢台湾人心,另28.2%的网友则认为无法达成目的

31项惠台措施中,有19项提供台湾人在大陆学习、创业、就业、生活的国民待遇,包括开放报考134项国家职业资格、提供医生与金融从业人员等专业人员取得大陆从业资格更便利,及放宽台湾影视、图书等进入大陆市场的限制。知道这些惠台措施的网友中,有72.7%的网友表示认同,20.9%的网友表示不认同

此外,惠台措施中有12项是提供台资企业与中国大陆企业同等待遇,因此有人担心台湾企业会爆发出走潮、加速企业外移到大陆的速度。调查发现,知道惠台措施的网友中,74.7%的网友认为台湾企业会因此出走到大陆,20.8%的网友认为不会

至于网友个人会不会想要去大陆就学、就业、创业或生活呢?52.6%网友表示会想要去大陆就学、就业、创业或生活,但也有38.5%网友表示不会

31项措施值得注意的是,就「可操之在我」的部分採取主动攻势,是中国未来对台工作的主轴,主要原因是对蔡英文总统「善意不变,承诺不变,不走对抗老路」的「三不」政策,早感不耐。在官方管道中断,协商机制停摆之际,国台办领头31个中央部委机构,绕过台湾当局,单向公布新措施,吸引台湾民众全面参与大陆经济社会发展进程,中国时报就访问北京清华大学台研院副教授郑振清,他认为惠台31项可谓「涉台公共政策体系」,以大陆为主场,吸引台湾民众参与大陆经济社会发展,把统一之后的公共政策提前实施,这在全球分裂国家史上,是绝无仅有的

中共对台经济统战推动30年来,从「招商引资」、「交流让利」,到现在吸引台湾菁英的「吸菁大法」,大陆新时代对台政策领域的新作为,迅速且有力地落实中共总书记习近平去年十月在十九大《政治报告》中提出的对台工作新论述,对推动两岸关係发展具重要意义,将会扩大落实北京「以我为主,两岸融合」的目标

换言之,中共新时代对台工作的执行,完全排除台湾执政当局的角色,对两岸关係的未来发展,寄希望于台商、台企、台胞、台生,而不寄希望于蔡英文政府。大陆将会运用软硬实力来促进两岸的经济社会融合,并迫使民进党政府调整既有的大陆政策。这就是「以商围政」、「以民逼官」,「不战而屈人之兵」的最佳战略选择

据了解,除31项惠台措施外,台胞证也将由8码变成18码,和大陆公民身分证相同,将在今年两会后择时推出。这也是进一步推动台胞「同等待遇」的重要措施

中国时报记者王铭义也报导了大陆网路上的众多键盘侠,「对北京出台的「惠台31条」并未出现激烈的反对声浪,这应是随着大陆综合国力增强,人民自信心普遍提升的现象,即使批判蔡政府的声浪不减,但对台商、台生分享发展机遇,提供同等待遇,总体反应仍是支持与肯定的。」

此外,31项除了显示中国对市场展望深具信心,不怕开放,也凸显中共单方面突破的意图,以往大陆对台政策只见台生跟台商,『台青』这几年抬头是最大的突破。惠台措施建立在「和平统一」的目的上,是否真的改变赴中台青的国家认同?A

一位台青就指出,从来不曾改变自己是台湾人的国家认同,但是否不那麽排斥统一?这位台青的答案是「对。」

许多专家与学者都承认大陆最新惠台政策可能会导致更多台湾年轻人前往大陆创业打拼同时,但也指出,即使未来大陆能以经济实惠吸引更多台湾年轻人,是否真能单靠经济而达到转变他们本土化要求和民主法制理念已经深入脑髓的人心,则需要划上一个巨大的问号

任教于福建师范大学的何溢诚向BBC中文网解释:中国对台政策的真正转向,是由2014年的太阳花学运后真正定调,才有所谓三中一青。后来共产党发现,连国民党都经营不好这些阶级,就直接划了界线,一律由40以下算范围
不难看出,最新一揽子惠台政策特别强调的就是中华文化。基本不触及政治认同等生硬层面,并希望台湾人能重新认归中华文化圈

何溢诚分析,改变台湾人的认同还是社会心理学层面应用,中方过去都是从政治学跟经济学角度下手,所以就会造成政治学跟经济学的不可共量性,它需要的是一个潜移默化的过程。台湾这20多年走向民主化,而民主化的进程,就是本地化的过程,现在台湾主体意识相当根深蒂固的,使是台湾的统派也并非就是心向中华人民共和国

他表示,文化中国,也不等同政治中国;历史上的中国,不代表未来的中国。台湾年轻人厘清这样的关系,愿意去大陆赚钱,享受和平红利,但他们不愿意大陆干涉台湾政治选票,经济互利并没有得到政治互信的外溢效果

国家政策研究基金会附研究员卢宸纬也指出,陆方想要官民二分,对政府冷淡,对人民给予红利。然而台湾年轻人考虑大陆发展机会跟愿景同时,多半也会察觉中共背后会有什么目的,因此政、经会自动分离。赚钱归赚钱,政治就低调。”a

她认为,大陆也发现,两岸交流增多,但台湾青年顶多只在对陆刻板印象方面有所改变。而在认同层面,台湾青年政治倾向不会因赴陆而大幅改变外,甚至还会不断成立团体,来跟中国中央申请补助,拿到钱就跑

成功大学政治学系教授梁文韬则表示,大陆还是要把台湾的血吸过去嘛,就是『吸血鬼』的意思。这也是统战方式,因为过去之后,拿了人家的好处就不会说什么坏话,而且在那边也不会得罪他们、不会去说什么反共的言论

梁文韬说,对岸要吸收的是高阶企业、智能产业和人才。大陆透过猎人头在台湾各科技园区挖走整个研发单位的事情时有所闻。反观大陆对低端台商,则采驱逐政策,污染企业随时要你关厂、停工

梁文韬认为,开放台资企业参与公共工程较有新意。至于教职和专业人才并无特别优惠,台湾教授被当做海龟,本来就有比当地更好的待遇,若只提供所谓国民待遇,反而是贬低。而影视产业的合拍模式已存在,重点是内容审查,往往以资金来源作卡关配套

因此,许多问题都待后续观察: 中央出台的措施会如何在地方落实?其他WTO会员国会如何看待中国大陆倾斜向台湾?给予台湾人准国民待遇,国民是指一线城市户籍的权益还是一般居民?如果给予超居民待遇,要如何回应中国大陆民众的可能反弹?台湾官方是否会推出措施限制人才西进?q

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    Yes (Cookies are small files that a site or its service provider transfers to your computers hard drive through your Web browser (if you allow) that enables the sites or service providers systems to recognize your browser and capture and remember certain information We use cookies to help us remember and process the items in your shopping cart, understand and save your preferences for future visits, keep track of advertisements and compile aggregate data about site traffic and site interaction so that we can offer better site experiences and tools in the future. We may contract with third-party service providers to assist us in better understanding our site visitors. These service providers are not permitted to use the information collected on our behalf except to help us conduct and improve our business. If you prefer, you can choose to have your computer warn you each time a cookie is being sent, or you can choose to turn off all cookies via your browser settings. Like most websites, if you turn your cookies off, some of our services may not function properly. However, you can still place orders by contacting customer service. Google Analytics We use Google Analytics on our sites for anonymous reporting of site usage and for advertising on the site. If you would like to opt-out of Google Analytics monitoring your behaviour on our sites please use this link (https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout/)

    Do we disclose any information to outside parties?

    We do not sell, trade, or otherwise transfer to outside parties your personally identifiable information. This does not include trusted third parties who assist us in operating our website, conducting our business, or servicing you, so long as those parties agree to keep this information confidential. We may also release your information when we believe release is appropriate to comply with the law, enforce our site policies, or protect ours or others rights, property, or safety. However, non-personally identifiable visitor information may be provided to other parties for marketing, advertising, or other uses.

    Registration

    The minimum information we need to register you is your name, email address and a password. We will ask you more questions for different services, including sales promotions. Unless we say otherwise, you have to answer all the registration questions. We may also ask some other, voluntary questions during registration for certain services (for example, professional networks) so we can gain a clearer understanding of who you are. This also allows us to personalise services for you. To assist us in our marketing, in addition to the data that you provide to us if you register, we may also obtain data from trusted third parties to help us understand what you might be interested in. This ‘profiling’ information is produced from a variety of sources, including publicly available data (such as the electoral roll) or from sources such as surveys and polls where you have given your permission for your data to be shared. You can choose not to have such data shared with the Guardian from these sources by logging into your account and changing the settings in the privacy section. After you have registered, and with your permission, we may send you emails we think may interest you. Newsletters may be personalised based on what you have been reading on theguardian.com. At any time you can decide not to receive these emails and will be able to ‘unsubscribe’. Logging in using social networking credentials If you log-in to our sites using a Facebook log-in, you are granting permission to Facebook to share your user details with us. This will include your name, email address, date of birth and location which will then be used to form a Guardian identity. You can also use your picture from Facebook as part of your profile. This will also allow us and Facebook to share your, networks, user ID and any other information you choose to share according to your Facebook account settings. If you remove the Guardian app from your Facebook settings, we will no longer have access to this information. If you log-in to our sites using a Google log-in, you grant permission to Google to share your user details with us. This will include your name, email address, date of birth, sex and location which we will then use to form a Guardian identity. You may use your picture from Google as part of your profile. This also allows us to share your networks, user ID and any other information you choose to share according to your Google account settings. If you remove the Guardian from your Google settings, we will no longer have access to this information. If you log-in to our sites using a twitter log-in, we receive your avatar (the small picture that appears next to your tweets) and twitter username.

    Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act Compliance

    We are in compliance with the requirements of COPPA (Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act), we do not collect any information from anyone under 13 years of age. Our website, products and services are all directed to people who are at least 13 years old or older.

    Updating your personal information

    We offer a ‘My details’ page (also known as Dashboard), where you can update your personal information at any time, and change your marketing preferences. You can get to this page from most pages on the site – simply click on the ‘My details’ link at the top of the screen when you are signed in.

    Online Privacy Policy Only

    This online privacy policy applies only to information collected through our website and not to information collected offline.

    Your Consent

    By using our site, you consent to our privacy policy.

    Changes to our Privacy Policy

    If we decide to change our privacy policy, we will post those changes on this page.
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