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美中贸易战延伸APEC 一带一路各自表述

Tsai Hsiao-Ying
巴布亚新几内亚举行的亚太经济合作组织(APEC)峯会上,「一带一路」的解释权成为中美贸易战地延续,美国副总统彭斯(Mike Pence)批评「一带一路」是「不归路」,中国国家主席习近平则宣称「一带一路」是个没有地缘政治的开放平台s

二○一三年习近平倡议「一带一路」,除在内部寻找新经济增长点,也对外扩张经济实力。他将「一带一路」包装在经济全球化的概念下,避开美日印澳、分陆路和海路经西亚、东南亚、南亚、中东延至非洲及欧洲,以基础设施建设为突破,实现互通互连,全线涉65个国家,预计总投资超过1兆美元s
「一带一路」因地缘政治色彩浓厚,屡遭质疑是「中国版的马歇尔计画」,连俄国官媒《独立报》都认为,北京是在输出贪腐。但此战略实施几年来有些国家获益,但同时也有不少大而无当的「大白象工程」;有些国家因此背上沉重债务,不得不割让国家利益向中国还债s
北京在去年五月举行首届「一带一路」国际合作高峰论坛,正本清源强调「倡议」不提「战略」,主张开放包容之路,淡化地缘政治
今年APEC峰会美中针锋相对,彭斯公开暗讽「一带一路」是「束缚带」和「不归路」,批评中国在南海的军事化作为,称南海不属于任何一个国家,美国将继续在南海行使航行和飞越自由
但习近平仍声称,中国推行一带一路等政策,是为了与地区和世界共享经济发展的机遇。他表示,不是有人所说的,这样那样的所谓陷阱,而是中国同世界共享机遇、共谋发展的阳光大道
但紧接着习近平发言的美国副总统彭斯,当面批评中国在推行一带一路时,向合作国家设下债务陷阱。他提醒发展中国家,不要掉进某些国家设置的债务陷阱,不要接受会「损害主权和独立」的外债,他更当着习近平的面嘲讽,「一带一路」是「约束他国的不归路」、是不透明的「支票簿外交」,常有附带条件。他还强调,相较于专制的中国,美国的援助计画,不乱搞建设,是基于平等、透明、共创繁荣为原则,以「创造当地的就业机会」为特徵
此外,二人也在会议上,互相指责对方的贸易政策。习近平不点名批评美国的贸易政策,声称:「走贸易保护主义、单边主义的老路,不仅解决不了问题,还加剧了世界经济的不确定」,他表示,自我封闭只会失去世界,也会失去自己。但习近平没有说明,为何中国近日要向美国求和,主动递出贸易建议清单
彭斯则在发言时,直言中国才是贸易保护主义、单边主义,他指,中国设置的贸易壁垒史无前例,包括:关税、盗用智慧财产权、强逼外资技术移转,及不公平补贴
彭斯表示,目前美国已对中国的贸易政策採取决定性措施,向中国价值二千五百亿美元的商品课税、甚至计画把徵税规模扩大一倍,他呼应美国总统特朗普(
Donald John Trump )16日公开拒绝中国提交的贸易建议清单,他表示,美国不会改变这样的应对方式,除非中国作出改变。他更强调,「美国会提供更好的选项」、「我们不会带来重重束缚的一带一路」,吁各国「勿拿主权换中国贷款」
彭斯还向在座的印太地区政府官员及工商界领袖表示,能理解各国担心美中竞争可能冲击地区经济与安全。但他表明,美国寻求改善与中国的关係,只是这关係得立基于公平、对等和对主权的尊重。他重申,美国会继续坚守在南海的航行自由,别国(中国)对美军的骚扰,只会令美国坚守的信念更加坚定s
习近平不甘示弱,诉诸「自力更生」的民族主义情绪,宣称「中国的今天是中国人民自己干出来的」,批评美国行保护主义和单边主义,封锁科技创新成果、搞小圈子,并指「一带一路」才是开放包容的康庄大道s
彭斯也明确抵制中国一带一路政策对南太平洋的影响,并宣布美国将加入澳洲与巴纽,一起参与巴纽曼纽司港(Manus Island)的军事基地建设。之前中国曾欲拿下该深水港口,遭国际认为将威胁区域稳定,美国担心中国再以「一带一路」继续强势「染指」南太平洋,于是决定参与澳洲在巴纽兴建海军基地,全面防堵中国s
澳洲总理莫里森(Scott Morrison)也以不点名方式批评中国「一带一路」让斯里兰卡等小国负债累累,强调基础设施计画应该要让接受外来投资的国家受惠。他也对南太平洋国家喊话,强调不要接受「不可负担的」债务,而已开发国家应该成为太平洋岛国的伙伴,而非强加给他们许多外债s
美国、日本、纽西兰及澳洲4国代表18日在巴布亚纽几内亚首都摩士比港公布一项将耗资17亿美元的计画,第一步便是为巴纽大部分地区建立电力设施,确保在2030年以前,将电力普及率自现在的13%提升至70%。此计画将削减中国大陆「一带一路」在该地区的政治影响力。此前,中国大陆则依据一带一路,在巴纽投入庞大资金,预计建造一座大型水力发电厂s
APEC开幕日,也是马尔地夫新任总统索里(Ibrahim Mohamed Solih)宣誓就职日,宣告国库遭到「劫掠」,痛批前朝向中国举债数百万美元,「一带一路」害国家财政濒临破产s
以棕榈树环绕海滩岛屿等豪华休閒胜地驰名的马尔地夫,是中国投资数以百万美元计大举兴建公路和住宅的最新一个若干小国之一,这是中国「一带一路」倡议的一部分s

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