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北斗复盖一带一路 美中竞争卫星导航

Tsai Hsiao-Ying

第二届中国、阿拉伯国家联盟北斗合作论坛1日在突尼西亚共和国突尼斯市举行,双方在论坛上联合发布阿拉伯地区北斗系统测试评价结果显示,北斗卫星可见数平均达8颗以上。阿拉伯资讯通信技术组织秘书长穆罕默德不讳言“北斗合作对『一带一路』建设也具有特殊意义” ,目前,北斗已经复盖“一带一路” 沿线30多个国家, 俨然形成“太空丝绸之路”

中阿北斗合作论坛主题为“合作、应用、服务” ,由中阿合作论坛中方祕书处、阿拉伯国家联盟祕书处等单位联合主办,突尼斯高教与科研部承办,来自中国和阿拉伯国家政府部门、科研院所、企业及有关国际组织代表300多人参加论坛。这也是北斗系统2018年12月开通全球服务后,首次在“一带一路” 国家和地区举办的重要活动,为北斗系统走向世界又迈出重要一步。

不过,英国广播公司(BBC)中文网报导,北斗的扩张野心与中国的对外政策相互结合,北斗复盖的“一带一路” 沿线国家,将成“太空丝绸之路” 。穆罕默德说明,“一带一路”强调实行联通,中国和阿拉伯国家的下一步合作也是实现进一步联通,双方可利用北斗这一先进技术,推动地区技术进步和经济发展。阿拉伯国家依赖中国所提供的太空服务,将使北京对其政策具有更多影响力,这正是美国的担忧。

北斗卫星导航系统被认为最初是为中国军方设计,以减少对美国主导的GPS的依赖。台湾媒体就报导过,1996年解放军在台湾总统大选时,向东海海域发射三枚导弹,仅有第一枚击中目标,其馀两枚却无法追踪,还大大偏离原订落地范围,原来是美军关闭GPS卫星导航系统。

中国痛定思痛,立即在2000年建成自己的北斗导航试验系统。

北斗卫星导航系统有三颗的中心点在台北,让台湾对北斗卫星的攻击性提高戒备,国防部军备局中科院针对中共解放军飞弹导航定位藉由北斗卫星系统,定位台湾政军中枢位置,开发了“北斗干扰车” 使用“合成孔径雷达卫星反制技术”,已在资通电军指挥部服役,军方同时准备一组“城市迷彩” 的干扰车组,规画必要时进驻总统府等位在市区要塞的政军设施周边。

该院指出,“侦蒐测向机动车与干扰机动车” 等干扰系统,为针对电磁频段威胁所研製装备,支援电子战攻防任务,并藉由掌握战场电磁频谱活动状态,提供侦蒐、测向、定位及反制等功能,达到作战运用效能。

随着北斗复盖范围的扩大,商业机会也逐渐展现,2018年12月27日,中国宣布,北斗三号基本系统完成建设,开始提供全球服务。2015年开始建设第三代的北斗导航系统,简称北斗3号,计划由35颗卫星组成,包括5颗静止轨道卫星、27颗中地球轨道卫星、3颗倾斜同步轨道卫星。

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)是中国大陆官方自主建设的卫星导航系统,与美国全球定位系统(GPS)、俄罗斯全球导航卫星系统(GLONASS)及欧盟伽利略定位系统(Galileo),成为联合国卫星导航委员会认定的全球卫星导航系统四大核心供应商。

在中国北斗导航系统的芯片已经广泛应用在中国公司出品的手机中,比如小米、华为和一加等。但苹果佔据着五分之一左右的市场份额,却在2018年9月12日发佈的最新款iPhone中依然未兼容北斗。

中国官媒《环球时报》随即称,苹果公司不支持北斗系统“可能是出于商业考虑,但也不排除有政治原因”,认为此举是对中国消费者的“不友好” 行为。

然而分析人士称,苹果很在意中国市场,不太可能因政治原因而违背中国政府的要求。比如,为了遵守中国于2017年6月开始实施的《网络安全法》规定,苹果将中国内地用户的iCloud全部交由贵州的中国数据服务企业服务。

虽然苹果承诺保护用户的隐私权,但iCloud的备份数据是否会受到中国官方监视和窥探的批评和质疑一直未消退。

中国开放北斗卫星定位系统的商业运用,目前已经有多款产品在台湾销售,可能构成国安威胁。台湾也向惯常使用卫星通讯的渔民宣导,不要使用中共的北斗通讯系统,以免与公务船舶使用的西方导航系统资讯相左,急难时错失救援时机。

中国越来越热衷于向世界其它地区提升其技术实力。北斗卫星导航系统总设计师杨长风向中国媒体表示,到2020年左右完成全球组网后,北斗系统将达到世界一流水平,将与美国GPS系统的水平比肩,甚至更好,将向全球用户提供“好用、管用、实用”的导航定位服务。为展示北斗系统性能和特色优势,中阿双方在本届论坛上联合举行北斗系统测试体验,并联合发布阿拉伯地区北斗系统测试评价结果。

2018年4月10日,中国北斗首个海外中心——中阿北斗/GNSS中心在位于突尼斯的阿拉伯资讯通信技术组织总部举行揭牌仪式。中阿北斗/GNSS(全球导航卫星系统)中心分别在突尼西亚、埃及、苏丹、科威特、阿尔及利亚等阿拉伯国家展开静态和动态测试评价,经联合处理分析结果发现,在阿拉伯国家上空平均可见北斗卫星数达8颗以上,定位精度优于10公尺,可用性95%以上,可为阿拉伯国家和地区提供优质卫星导航服务。

中国卫星导航系统管理办公室表示,目前,北斗系统在印尼土地确权、科威特建筑施工、乌干达国土测绘、缅甸精准农业、马尔地夫海上打桩、柬埔寨无人机、泰国仓储物流以及俄罗斯电力巡检等领域得到广泛应用。北斗高精度产品已出口90多个国家和地区,北斗地基增强技术和产品成体系输出海外。

BBC中文网报导,总部位于香港的轨道门户谘询有限责任公司(Orbital Gateway Consulting)创办人库吉(BlaineCurcio)认为,未来世界在卫星导航领域可能逐渐分成“亲中” 和“亲美” 两个阵营。

英国皇家国防安全联合服务研究所研究人员斯蒂辛斯(Alexandra Stickings)表示,中国取得太空领导权的很大一部分是拥有一个可以与GPS抗衡的全球导航系统。美国可能会拒绝GPS用户访问某些区域,比如在战争状态,因此拥有自己卫星系统的主要优势是不依赖其他国家提供卫星服务。

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