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一場大火燒出法國人的淚!巴黎聖母院波折不斷的苦難史

Hsiao-ying Tsai

巴黎聖母院著火了,女兒和同學們焦急的交換訊息

聖母院的這場火災,經由電視直播,燒得許多法國人都忍不住掉眼淚。女兒在手機上看尖塔坍塌影像,除驚呼太可怕了,還不時歎息表達心痛這個象徵法國的文化資產,竟然這麼輕易就付之一炬。爸爸則不忍直視,書架上翻找反天主教行動報導的雜誌,他無法想像自己有生之年居然會看到這麼殘忍的一幕

圖/巴黎聖母院大火,身陷火海。(圖片來源:達志影像)

問女兒,聖母院對法國人的意義是什麼?

她朗朗上口,就形式而言,聖母院前身是羅馬時代的神廟,建於1163年,1345年完成,是歐洲歷史上第一座完全哥德式的教堂,有著世界文明藝術史的意義

就歷史內涵來看,聖母院見證法國歷史,1430英法百年戰爭後,英國國王亨利六世在聖母院進行勝利的加冕典禮。1455年聖女貞德的平反儀式就在聖母院隆重舉行

法國大革命時期,聖母院慘遭褻瀆與破壞,塑像被砍頭雕刻被移位,直到拿破崙執政,才又恢復其宗教用途,而1804年拿破崙一世和皇后的加冕典禮,畫家大衛的畫作成為羅浮宮受歡迎的畫作之一。1945年二次世界大戰結束就是在聖母院吟唱勝利讚美詩

她還舉從小就讀過的法國文學家雨果作品《鐘樓怪人》,整個故事發展的主軸就在巴黎聖母院,雨果寫這部小說時,聖母院年久失修,書出版後,民眾捐錢要還原這座教堂,因為它是巴黎的中心,法國人的精神指標,雨果的故事全球化了對聖母院崇拜的神話

「這些都是法國人對聖母院的情感」,所以在看到2012年才慶祝850歲生日的聖母院,7年後,以這種猶如自殺的方式慘遭浩劫,她說,很難想像一個熟悉的聖母院古蹟,幾個小時後,就要變成一個不認識的樣子

她怎麼知道聖母院是文化資產呢?

女兒說,她小學三年級上歷史課,課本開宗明義就指出歷史是對過去的認知,並解釋時間和空間的概念。至於要如何認知過去?人類在生活裡,留下了可供考古學家和歷史學家發掘和研讀的痕跡,文物、建築群、遺址都是歷史文化遺產,有著歷史、記憶和共同文化,老師就舉了聖母院的例子,並教導保護文化資產的重要性,以及對文明傳承的意義

法國大革命以來,文化遺產一直被認爲是促進人民覺知與教育人民的工具。所以,1887年法國成為世界上第一個制定法律保護文化資產的國家,1913年將所有歷史名勝古蹟登記造冊,每年還撥大筆預算維護全國境內4萬4000多個古蹟,不只興旺旅遊業,也增加在地認同感,保護文化遺產成為傳統,更成為法國人的文化認同

1984年首度舉辦古蹟日活動,更將重視文化遺產的概念落實在寓教於樂的推廣活動上。這個大膽的冒險之舉,讓民眾走進了總統府各部會,激發民眾對自身文化的好奇心和情感聯結。法國原創的古蹟日後來在歐洲委員會的倡議下,於1992年更名為歐洲古蹟日,更走向世界,在多國共襄盛舉下,成為全球最重大的歷史文化活動

每年的歐洲古蹟日都有不同主題,2016的主題是「古蹟與公民」,從公民的角度省思文化遺產與公民的關係。2017年的歐洲古蹟日以青年與古蹟為主題,希望促進年輕一代了解文化遺產,國家歷史以及文化遺產的產業發展。古蹟日讓女兒有機會參觀了許多平時不得一見的文化遺產,老師也都會鼓勵他們參與這個盛會,培養對文化資產的敏感度

所以,在這個以文化遺產為傲的國家,聖母院大火在女兒和同學眼中,「簡直就是文明的大震撼」,她們也擔心「以後巴黎觀光旅遊的聖母院明信片,就沒有了尖塔,那還是聖母院嗎?」

(內容僅反映作者觀點,不代表本社立場)

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