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“الخلافة الاسلامية” : أما بعد … (تحقيق)

Capture d’écran 2014-06-30 à 16.35.28أعلن تنظيم “الدولة الاسلامية في العراق والشام” (داعش) المتطرف الذي يقود حملة عسكرية في العراق، اقامة “الخلافة الاسلامية” انطلاقاً من الاراضي التي سيطر عليها في العراق وسوريا، وغيّر اسمه الى “الدولة الاسلامية”، كما أعلن مبايعة قائده ابو بكر البغدادي “خليفة” للمسلمين في كل مكان. لكن ما هو تاريخ الخلافة وكيف تطورت؟

 

* ما هي الخلافة الإسلامية؟

– بعد وفاة النبي محمد (ص) في العام 632 ميلادي (11 هجري)، توافق المسلمون على نظام الخلافة، أي أن يكون هناك خليفة للنبي على رأس دولة الاسلام. وكان الخليفة قائداً للامة، يقوم بتطبيق الشريعة على ارض الاسلام. وقام الخلفاء بتوسيع الاراضي الاسلامية انطلاقا من المنطقة التي تقع في عصرنا الحالي في غرب السعودية. واختير الصحابي ابو بكر الصديق كأول خليفة للنبي بعد وفاته.

وفي ظل نظام الخلافة، تم تطوير نظام حكم كامل فيما توسعت اراضي الخلافة بشكل كبير وفي كل الاتجاهات. وكان الخليفة يحظى بوزراء وحكام معينين على الامارات المختلفة.

 

* كم استمر نظام الخلافة؟

– يعتقد مسلمون كثر ان الخلافة الاسلامية استمرت الى ان ألغتها تركيا في اعقاب هزيمة السلطنة العثمانية في الحرب العالمية الاولى، اذ كان السلاطين العثمانيون يحملون لقب خليفة المسلمين.

إلاّ أنه يعتقد أيضاً على نطاق واسع بأن النظام الأساسي للخلافة لم يستمر إلاّ حوالى ثلاثة عقود عقب وفاة النبي، وهي فترة حكم الخلفاء الراشدين الاربعة.

وفي الفترة التي اعقبت حكم الخلفاء الراشدين، تنازعت سلالات عدة حكم الاراضي الاسلامية الواسعة، بدءاً من الامويين في دمشق (661-750) الى العباسيين في بغداد (750-1258)، وصولا الى العثمانيين (1453-1924).

وبالرغم من منح حكام هذه السلالات لقب خليفة، إلاّ ان نظام الحكم كان وراثياً وظل ضمن اطار السلالة، على عكس الخلافة في فترة الراشدين.

وفي اذار (مارس) 1924، الغى الرئيس التركي العلماني مصطفى كمال اتاتورك نظام الخلافة من الدستور.

 

* ما هي حدود الخلافة؟

– لم تحدد الاراضي الاسلامية قط بموجب دستور، ولطالما اعتبر توسيع ارض الاسلام جزءا من مهمات الخليفة. وامتد حكم العثمانيين في أوجّه على سبيل المثال على سائر اراضي الشرق الاوسط وشمال افريقيا وصولاً الى القوقاز وشرق اوروبا.

 

* هل هناك حركات إسلامية دعت لعودة الخلافة؟

– يدعو الاسلام السياسي بشكل عام الى حكم الشريعة كنظام حياة يشمل السياسة. واعتبر مؤسس جماعة “الاخوان المسلمين” في مصر حسن البنا ان الخلافة هي رمز الوحدة الاسلامية، وان اعادة نظام الخلافة يشكل هدفا لجماعته. الا انه اعتبر انه يتعين ان تسبق عودة الخلافة معاهدات تعاون بين الدول الاسلامية، ما يؤدي الى اقامة وحدة يقودها إمام متفق عليه.

ويدعو “حزب التحرير” الذي انشئ في العام 1953 الى عودة الخلافة الاسلامية.

 

* هل أرادت القاعدة اقامة الخلافة؟

– لطالما شكلت اقامة الدولة الاسلامية “الحلم الاكبر” بالنسبة لتنظيم “القاعدة” منذ هجمات 11 ايلول (سبتمبر) 2001، بحسب الخبير في الشؤون الامنية والعسكرية في “مركز الخليج للابحاث” مصطفى العاني الذي اعتبر ان ما اعلنه “داعش” هو “نواة لخلافة يفترض ان تتوسع مع انهيار الدول القائمة”.

وأقامت حركة طالبان في 1996 “امارة اسلامية” في افغانستان الى ان اسقطها اجتياح اميركي في 2001. الا ان “امير طالبان” لم يمنح قط لقب الخليفة، بل لقب “أمير المؤمنين”، وهو احد القاب الخليفة.

 

* هل من مستقبل للخلافة التي اعلنت في العراق؟

– بحسب العاني، فإن “الدولة الاسلامية” المعلنة يمكن ان تستمر في ظل الاوضاع الراهنة، لا سيما ضعف الحكومة في بغداد وغياب التدخل الاجنبي. الا انه يتعين على “الجهاديين” الذين اعلنوها “تصفية المجموعات الاسلامية الاخرى” غير الموالية لتنظيم “الدولة الاسلامية”، كما سيتعين عليهم ان يسحقوا اي محاولة انتفاضة في المناطق التي يسيطرون عليها، وان يعززوا دفاعاتهم ويقيموا المؤسسات والمحاكم الشرعية.

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