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روسيا تطالب بـ ١،٢ مليون كلم٢ من أراضي القطب الشمالي

Capture d’écran 2015-08-05 à 01.26.27قدمت روسيا الثلاثاء وثيقة إلى الأمم المتحدة تطلب فيها تأكيد سيادتها على منطقة إضافية تبلغ مساحتها 1,2 مليون كيلومتر مربع من الجرف القاري القطبي الشمالي، في منطقة تتزايد المطالب بشأنها بين الدول.

وتأكيدا لمطالبتها العائدة إلى 2001 لمفوضية الأمم المتحدة بشأن حدود الجرف القاري، قالت روسيا إن الأبحاث التي أجرتها بينت أحقيتها بهذه المساحة الإضافية من المنطقة القطبية.

وتشمل هذه المنطقة مركز القطب الشمالي وتضمن لروسيا فرصة استخراج 4,9 مليارات طن من المحروقات وفق التقديرات الروسية. وتفيد دراسة أمريكية نشرت في 2008 أن هذه المنطقة تحتوي على 13% من النفط و30% من الغاز الطبيعي غير المكتشف في العالم.

بات القطب الشمالي مطمعا بعد استكشافات توقعت وجود كميات كبيرة من المعادن والنفط والغاز في قاع البحر.

ويتوقع أن تسرع الوثيقة الروسية السباق على المطالبة بالأحقية بهذه المنطقة غير المأهولة الغنية بالثروات الطبيعية والتي تتنافس عليها منذ سنوات روسيا والولايات المتحدة (مع آلاسكا) وكندا والنروج والدنمارك (مع غرينلاند).

ويمنح القانون الدولي لكل دولة حقوقا اقتصادية خاصة على الجرف القاري حتى مسافة 200 ميل بحري (370 كلم) من سواحلها. ويمكن لدولة المطالبة بأكثر من ذلك في حال أثبتت من خلال الدراسات الجيولوجية أن حدود رصيفها القاري ممتد لأبعد من ذلك تحت الماء.

ولكن الدول القريبة من القطب الشمالي تحاول الحصول على مناطق أوسع يدفعها إلى ذلك تراجع الغطاء الجليدي الذي يفتح المجال أمام طرق عبور جديدة وأمام التنقيب عن المعادن والوقود.

وتقول روسيا إن الأبحاث المعمقة التي أجرتها على مدى سنوات تثبت أن الجرف القاري الخاص بها يمتد أبعد من شعاع بطول 200 ميل بحري.

وتشمل المنطقة التي تطالب بها روسيا مرتفع مندليف وجبال لومونوسوف التي تطالب بها كذلك الدنمارك وكندا. وتقول روسيا إن هذه المناطق مثلها مثل مركز القطب الشمالي هي جزء من القارة الأوروآسيوية.

وأرسلت روسيا على مدى السنوات العشر الماضية تسع بعثات كلفت كل منها مليار روبل تقريبا (16 مليون دولار) لجمع معطيات المسح الجيولوجي وتصوير قاع المحيط على امتداد آلاف الكيلومترات، كما بين فيكتور بوسيلوف نائب مدير الأبحاث في معهد الدراسات المحيطية في سانت بطرسبرغ الذي أعد الوثيقتين الأولى والثانية.

وفي حال قبول الأمم المتحدة للوثيقة الثانية، لن تحصل روسيا فقط على الحق في الثروات المعدنية وإنما ستتمكن من توسيع حدودها، وفق بوسيلوف.

وقال بوسيلوف “سنرسم حدودا ستمنع دولا أخرى من الوصول إلى هذه المنطقة”.

أما بشأن المناطق المتنازع عليها مثل مركز القطب الشمالي فينبغي أن يتم الاتفاق بشأنها دبلوماسيا، وفق المسؤول الروسي. وقال “ينبغي حل مسألة مركز القطب الشمالي وتركه منطقة مشتركة للأسرة الدولية”.

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